Highly charged ion induced nanostructures at surfaces by strong electronic excitations

Nanostructure formation by single slow highly charged ion impacts can be associated with high density of electronic excitations at the impact points of the ions. Experimental results show that depending on the target material these electronic excitations may lead to very large desorption yields in the order of a few 1000 atoms per ion or the formation of nanohillocks at the impact site. Even in ultra-thin insulating membranes the formation of nanometer sized pores is observed after ion impact. In this paper, we show recent results on nanostructure formation by highly charged ions and compare them to structures and defects observed after intense electron and light ion irradiation of ionic crystals and graphene. Additional data on energy loss, charge exchange and secondary electron emission of highly charged ions clearly show that the ion charge dominates the defect formation at the surface.     

孔雀石绿光度法测定阿魏酸钠

在pH=4.5的B-R缓冲介质中,阿魏酸可与孔雀石绿反应生成具有正吸收峰和负吸收峰的离子缔合物,其最大正吸收波长位于612nm,最大负吸收波长位于650nm,阿魏酸的质量浓度在0.2~3.9mg/L(正、负吸收)范围内与吸光度A呈线性关系,表观摩尔吸光系数ε分别为3.95×104 L/(mol·cm)(正吸收)和1.20×104 L/(mol·cm)(负吸收)。该方法用于市售阿魏酸钠药物中阿魏酸钠的测定,结果满意。     

Background oriented schlieren for flow visualisation in hypersonic impulse facilities

Experiments to demonstrate the use of the background-oriented schlieren (BOS) technique in hypersonic impulse facilities are reported. BOS uses a simple optical set-up consisting of a structured background pattern, an electronic camera with a high shutter speed and a high intensity light source. The visualization technique is demonstrated in a small reflected shock tunnel with a Mach 4 conical nozzle, nozzle supply pressure of 2.2 MPa and nozzle supply enthalpy of 1.8 MJ/kg. A 20° sharp circular cone and a model of the MUSES-C re-entry body were tested. Images captured were processed using PIV-style image analysis to visualize variations in the density field. The shock angle on the cone measured from the BOS images agreed with theoretical calculations to within 0.5°. Shock standoff distances could be measured from the BOS image for the re-entry body. Preliminary experiments are also reported in higher enthalpy facilities where flow luminosity can interfere with imaging of the background pattern. A version of this paper was presented at the 25th International Symposium on Shock Waves in Bangalore in July 2005.     

Optical Analysis and Qualitative Discrimination of Vortex-Flame Interaction in a Plane Premixed Shear Layer

To obtain practical schemes of vortex–flame interactions, a series of organized eddies formed in the plane premixed shear layer is investigated, instead of a single vortex ring or a single vortex tube. The plane premixed shear layer is first formed between two parallel uniform propane–air mixture streams. For getting clear qualitative pictures of vortex–flame interactions in the plane premixed shear layer, two extreme ignition points are assigned; one is assigned at the center of an organized eddy where the vortex motion plays an important role, the other at the midpoint between two adjacent organized eddies where the rolling-up motion prevails. A premixed flame is initiated by an electric discharge at one of the two assigned points and propagates either in the large scale organized eddy or along the interface between two uniform mixture streams. Propagation and deformation processes of the flame are observed using the simultaneously two-directional and high-speed Schlieren photography. The tangential velocity of organized eddy and the equivalence ratio of premixed shear flow are varied as two main parameters. The outline of propagating flame after the midpoint ignition is numerically analyzed by superposing the flame propagation having a constant burning velocity on the vortex flow field simulated with the discrete vortex method. The results obtained show that there exists another type of vortex–flame interaction in the plane shear layer in addition to the vortex bursting, and that it is caused by the rolling-up motion particular to the coherent structure in the plane shear layer and is simply named the vortex boosting. It is qualitatively concluded therefore that, in the ordinary turbulent premixed flames formed in the plane premixed shear layer, these two fundamental vortex-flame interactions get tangled with each other to augment the propagation velocity. An empirical expression which qualitatively takes into account of the effects of both vortex and chemical properties is finally proposed.     

视频文字信息检查工具的设计与实现

针对某些特定视频中,画面文字信息经常包含较为敏感文字信息,导致信息泄露,设计实现了一种视频画面中的文字的检测识别系统,对视频画面中的文字标语、文字条幅,新闻画面中的文字导语等信息进行识别与比对。采用基于双阈值的视频镜头分割算法,根据颜色直方图信息提取关键帧,采用最大稳定极值区域算法提取图像中稳定区域,通过聚类和级联分类器实现文字区域提取,最后将文字区域分割后进行OCR识别,实验表明,设计的系统针对复杂背景中的文字能够达到较高的检测识别率。     

流动肥皂膜气体界面及其在柱状汇聚激波作用下演化的实验研究

在Richtmyer-Meshkov(RM)不稳定性实验研究中,形成两种不同密度流体的初始扰动界面是前提和关健.本文提出了一种流动肥皂膜气体界面生成方法,其工作原理是由细丝构成的导流框从激波管实验段穿过,肥皂液从导流框的上端注入并在重力作用下在导流框中形成流动肥皂膜,膜的两测可以分别充入不同密度的气体从而形成稳定的气体...     

基于变换域PCNN的近红外与彩色可见光融合

针对近红外与彩色可见光图像融合后对比度低、细节丢失和颜色失真等问题,提出一种基于多尺度变换和自适应脉冲耦合神经网络(PCNN-pulse coupled neural network,PCNN)的红外与彩色可见光图像融合的新算法。首先将彩色可见光图像转换到HSI（hue saturation intensity)空间,HSI色彩空间包含亮度、色度和饱和度三个分量,并且这三个分量互不相关,因此利用这个特点可对三个分量分别进行处理。将其亮度分量与近红外图像分别进行多尺度变换,变换方法选择Tetrolet变换。变换后分别得到低频和高频分量,针对图像低频分量,提出一种期望最大的低频分量融合规则;针对图像高频分量,采用高斯差分算子调节PCNN模型的阈值,提出一种自适应的PCNN模型作为融合规则。处理后的高低频分量经过Tetrolet逆变换得到的融合图像作为新的亮度图像。然后将新的亮度图像和原始的色度和饱和度分量反向映射到RGB空间,得到融合后的彩色图像。为了解决融合带来的图像平滑化和原始图像光照不均的问题,引入颜色与锐度校正机制(colour and sharpness correction, CSC)来提高融合图像的质量。为了验证方法的有效性,选取了5组分辨率为1 024×680近红外与彩色可见光图像进行试验,并与当前高效的四种融合方法以及未进行颜色校正的本方法进行了对比。实验结果表明,同其他图像融合算法进行对比分析,该方法在有无CSC颜色的情况下均能保留最多的细节和纹理,可见度均大大提高,同时本方法的结果在光照条件较弱的情况下具有更多的细节和纹理,均具有更好的对比度和良好的色彩再现性。在信息保留度、颜色恢复、图像对比度和结构相似性等客观指标上均具有较大优势。     

拉曼光谱和色差法在丝质文物色彩损伤评估中的比较

丝质文物是博物馆内的重要藏品之一,具有极高的文化、艺术、历史价值。作为一种性质不稳定的蛋白质有机构成材料,丝质文物极易受到光学辐射而发生泛黄等色彩损伤,尤其是在Light Emitting Diode(LED)得到广泛应用的博物馆光环境中。如何针对馆藏丝质文物色彩损伤进行科学评估是本研究要解决的主要问题。色差评估法是分析博物馆照明对文物色彩损伤的有效手段,但是存在相应的局限性,无法对色彩损伤的诱导期进行评估。由于文物发生色彩损伤的根本原因在于材料内部分子结构发生光化学反应,理论上说,从微观分子层面研究的拉曼光谱法能够更加科学地评估丝质文物色彩损伤。本研究将拉曼光谱引入博物馆照明领域,对比色差评估结果验证拉曼光谱色彩损伤评估的可行性和科学性。通过构成四基色LED的450, 510, 583和650 nm四种窄带光对丝质样品开展长周期照射实验,分别以CIE L*a*b*色差和拉曼光谱作为评估指标,计算得到基于两种评估方法的不同窄带光对丝质文物的色彩相对损伤系数,分别为450 nm∶510 nm∶583 nm∶650 nm=1.00∶0.63∶0.48∶0.32和450 nm∶510 nm∶583 nm∶650 nm=1.00∶0.69∶0.47∶0.27。结果一方面表明,两种方法得到的四种窄带光对丝质文物的色彩损伤趋势是一致的,即450 nm>510 nm>583 nm>650 nm,波长越短对丝质文物的色彩损伤程度越大,说明拉曼光谱是一种能够量化评估丝质文物色彩损伤的可行方法;另一方面表明,基于拉曼参数计算的色彩相对损伤系数的比例差异更大。丝质样品的老化过程中存在诱导期。色差法难以分析丝质样品诱导期的色彩变化,而拉曼光谱分析则可灵敏地检测出相应的分子结构变化,包括诱导期。因此,拉曼光谱法能够对丝质文物的色彩损伤进行更加科学地评估。同时,研究得到的构成LED光谱的四种窄带光对丝质文物色彩相对损伤系数,可以为这类光源在丝质文物照明中的损伤度评估和博物馆准入评估提供依据。     

基于数码相片和颜色空间转换的滨海土壤盐渍化定量估算

土壤盐渍化是土壤退化的重要原因之一,快速精确地监测土壤盐渍化对农业可持续发展和生态环境保护有积极作用。提出一种基于数码相片的滨海地区表层土壤盐分的定量估算方法,旨在复杂天气状况下快捷方便的获取土壤盐分信息。以江苏盐城沿海地区裸露地表土壤作为研究对象,在晴天和多云天气下全天时采样和拍照获取52个土壤样本和相片。土壤样品通过室内测试获取土壤电导率（EC）,pH值和土壤含水量等参数。利用RStudio软件对土壤相片进行处理,首先从相片中提取RGB三种颜色参数,再通过颜色空间转换关系计算另外5种颜色空间（HIS,CIEXYZ,CIELAB,CIELUV和CIELCH）,每个颜色空间有三个颜色参数,加上RGB颜色空间共有18个颜色参数,其中CIELAB,CIELUV和CIELCH中L参量表示的意义和数值相同,因此6个颜色空间共有16个颜色参数。土壤电导率与颜色参数相关分析结果表明,相片颜色的纯度和亮度与土壤电导率之间的相关系数较高,并达到了极显著水平,相片颜色的色相与土壤电导率之间的相关性较低,且未达到显著水平。随机抽取70%的样本数据并用随机森林方法对土壤盐分含量进行建模,采用留一法（LOOCV）进行交叉验证,再用余下30%的样本数据进行精度检验,重复100次以获取精度最高的模型。最终获取估算土壤盐分的随机森林模型,验证集数据的模型精度达到R2_val=0.75,RMSE_val=3.52,RPD_val=2.02。对颜色参数进行重要性分析发现,颜色纯度对模型的重要性最大,其次是颜色亮度,色相的贡献较小。综上,利用数码相机获取表层土壤相片,通过颜色空间转换得到的颜色参数为有效估算滨海土壤盐分含量提供一个新思路。该研究对近地表参数定量估算提供了新视角,将来结合无人机平台能够为精准农业和滨海生态环境的精准管理提供技术支持和有效手段。     

A blind color image watermarking based on DC component in the spatial domain

Color image watermarking has become essential and important copyright protection or authentication scheme. It is noted that most of the existing color image watermarking algorithms are performed only in the single domain (spatial domain or frequency domain), and not to integrate these merits of the different domains. By utilizing the generating principle and distribution feature of the direct current (DC) coefficient, a novel blind watermarking algorithm is proposed for color host images in this paper. Firstly, the Y luminance of host image is divided into 8 × 8 sub-blocks and the DC coefficients of each block are directly calculated in the spatial domain without DCT transform. Secondly, according to the watermark information and the quantization step, the DC coefficients are calculated and their increments are further utilized to modify directly the values of all pixels in the spatial domain instead of the DCT domain to embed watermark. When watermark extraction, only the watermarked image and the quantization step are needed in the spatial domain. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only can resist both traditional signal processing attacks and geometric attacks, but also has more efficient in computational complexity. Comparisons also demonstrate the advantages of the method.